Influnce of Confucianism on Ancient China Society Essay

Influnce of Confucianism on Ancient China Society - Essay Example In view of his lessons, China later on proceeded to create Confucianism, a moral and philosophical framework, which lectures about the significance of profound quality and different ethics like exemplary nature and trustworthiness in one’s life (Lefande, pp. 1â€10). Individuals frequently allude to Confucianism as a religion since numerous individuals utilize it as a sound belief system in their lives and oversee their activities and choices as indicated by it. This moral framework or religion advanced a general public where each individual organizes the progression of their own excellence. Benevolence and genuineness are among the couple of attributes, which Confucianism holds in high regard and advances as beliefs important for a solid prospering society. It accepts that the best individual is the most morally and ethically solid individual (Hoobler and Hoobler, pp. 60). The impact of these lessons were spread generally even outside China. â€Å"They affected the way of life and administrations of Taiwan, Vietnam, Korea, Japan, and a few other East Asian countries† (Lefande, pp. 1â€10). This impact kept going a very long time after the period of Confucius, and are adored by individuals everywhere throughout the world even at this point. In any case, to comprehend the genuine impact of Confucianism, one must break down the impact it had on East Asia in the hundreds of years that promptly followed the time of Confucius. The Influences on Society and Government One of the principle reasons why Confucianism was so powerful among East Asia was on the grounds that it depended on antiquated Chinese qualities, which are regarded and at times shared by different nations in East Asia (Lefande, pp. 1â€10). These incorporate the command of paradise, adoration of predecessors, spirits, and ceremonies which China’s social legacy depends on. Likewise, since it advanced a temperate character for all individuals, not make any difference what phas e of life they were at, it picked up prevalence as the individuals considered it to be a sensible framework as per which they could live. Individuals having a place with higher levels of society would utilize the standards educated by Confucianism, for example, dependability, genuineness, and benevolence to help their picture in the general population just as to prepare them so as to pick up positions in the legislature. This influenced the administration, as the individuals wishing to turn into a piece of it would do as such by developing themselves on moral grounds, therefore making themselves models for others to follow and attractive pioneers (Lefande, pp. 1â€10). This likewise similarly affected lower rungs of society, for example, laborers and ranchers. The standards of ethical quality and righteousness likewise got acclaimed among them as they discovered that following these standards was valuable to them not just on an individual and on a family level, yet additionally en ormously improved the general public all in all. With such alluring outcomes and impacts, this religion immediately spread over China just as a few other East Asian nations. It was so very much adjusted into the way of life of the Chinese that even today; the Chinese have taken their way of life with them. Spots commanded by a Chinese populace, for example, Singapore additionally stand vigorously affected by the lessons of Confucianism today. Another manner by which Confucianism majorly affected government just as society of China was through its advancement of instruction. As indicated by the standards instructed by Confucius, it helped clean the character of an individual in the event that the person in question increased appropriate training. This was one of the

Social Class Importance

How significant do you think social class is in An Inspector Calls and how does Priestly present thoughts regarding social class? All through the play the topic of social class is appeared through the entirety of the characters and empowers the crowd to see The subject of social class is generally obvious through the character of Arthur Birling, his oblivious and narrow minded character has clearly been a lot of molded by the cash and achievement which he has accomplished through his job as the town mayor.However despite the fact that Arthur Birling’s prior life are not referenced in the play it is apparent to the crowd that Mr. Birling isn't an individual from the higher class as a result of his family, yet exclusively by his work and the cash he has gotten. This is appeared as Mr Birling ends up being remedied by his significant other, his social superior.When Mr Birling demands that the cook is to be expressed gratitude toward for the supper Mrs Birling very quickly reacts â€Å"Arthur, you’re shouldn't state such things†, the way that Mr Birling must be amended by his better half about the manner in which he acts and talks nearly reflects the connection between a mother and youngster as if Mrs Birling is encouraging Mr Birling the right method to go about as an individual from a higher class, amplifying the way that Mr Birling clearly wasn’t instructed these as a kid again demonstrating his actual social standing. The topic of social class is likewise appeared through the character of Sheila.Sheila is a character whom exploits the social standing which she holds and thinks on the grounds that about this that she holds control over others. This is appeared in Act One when she was in a â€Å"furious temper† when she was in the retail establishment Millwards where she is an incessant client, she advises the overseer regarding the scene where she obviously observed Eva Smith grinning when Sheila took a stab at a dress. Sheila then exploits the social standing which she hold and requests the store to excuse the young lady or she would â€Å"persuade moth er to close [their] account with them†.The reality that the social class that the characters are given makes them settle on presumptuous and childish choices is significant all through the play as it permits the crowd to feel no compassion towards the Birling’s and furthermore permits the crowd to see the division between various individuals from the family and the progressions that they make. Mrs Birling is the social better than the remainder of the Birling family and regularly winds up adjusting the remainder of the family members.However, she is additionally observed by the crowd as fundamentally the same as the remainder of the family as her oblivious and egotistical persona appears on the other side, when he is made mindful of the passing of Eva Smith/Daisy Renton, rather than demonstrating regret or bitterness she alludes to Eva/Daisy as â€Å"that girl† uncovering Mrs Birling’s childish and haughty attributes, the utilization of social class here i s significant as it shows the unmistakable distinction between the senior and more youthful ages where she is called â€Å"that† young lady by a senior individual from the family however â€Å"poor girl† by Sheila, a more youthful part indicating how the conduct of the family varies through the times of the family.

Wolfram Alpha Tonight!

Wolfram Alpha Tonight! I dont know how familiar you are with Wolfram, but Ill assume you arent familiar with it at all and enlighten you. Wolfram makes a software called Mathematica that is pretty much my savior. Its the smartest software Ive ever seen. What does it do? It does math. Easy math. Hard math. Black-magic math. It graphs, it makes music, it maps, it decrypts, it slices, it dices, and itll take your dog for a walk. I wrote about it a while back on my personal blog so if youre interested in more details about Mathematica, be sure to check it out. Today though, Wolfram is debuting something else, something new. Theyve created a search engine called Wolfram Alpha. Its not like Google in that it doesnt search for websites, in fact its all a closed system, but what it does search for is information. Any information. It will tell you the GDP of any country youd like, graph it against any country youd like, or tell your the history of that countrys GDP. It can tell you about scales in music, it can teach you about genetics, it can give you material properties, and blah blah blah blah blah. But Google can do this too! No. Google can not do this. Wolfram Alpha is so much beyond Google in terms of comprehension. It interprets what you search for and gives you exactly what you want to a ridiculous degree of accuracy and depth. I cant get into too much detail describing this now because I need to study for my final on Monday, but heres the important stuff. 1) Watch this video NOW: Click to watch video 2) Salivate 3) Be online tonight at 8 PM Eastern to watch the live webcast of Wolfram Alpha going live. Be here tonight at 8 PM Eastern! Thats all for now!

The Planning Of Software Development Project - 2652 Words

ABSTRACT In the planning of software development project, a major challenge faced by project managers is to predict the re-work effort. (re-work effort is the effort require to fix the software defects identified during system testing). Project manager objective is to deliver the software that not only meets the time and cost requirements but also the quality requirements given by the client. To ensure the quality of the software, many testing cycle will be conducted before it is finally delivered to the client for acceptance. Each testing cycle is a costly affair as it involves running all possible test scenarios in all possible environments, followed by defect fixing and re-verification of defects. On average, there are 2-3 testing cycle conducted but this depends on number of defects identified during testing. Number of defects will depend on the team expertise and whether they earlier worked on similar projects and technologies. Hence, it becomes critical to predict the number of defects identified during testing and it is a very challenging task as it requires a good predicting model to predict the re-work effort. In this paper, we describe the relationship among software size, no of software defects, productivity and efforts for web-based development projects. This relationship is established by using the multiple linear regression technique on the benchmarking data published by International Software Benchmarking Standard Group. Results suggest that web based projectsShow MoreRelatedSoftware Development : Project Planning And Staffing1055 Words   |  5 Pages1. Introduction In software development, projects are moving target because they are typically not well defined and there are lots of changes in the requirements throughout the life time of the project and the estimates impact the process of reaching the target. [10] Software effort estimates that affects many activities like project selection, project planning and staffing, evaluation of estimators and developers, monitoring progress and managing risk [2]. The problem is lack of understanding ofRead MoreHow Important Are System Analysis and Especially Requirement Analysis to the Success of Software Development1166 Words   |  5 Pagesto the success of software development. This essay will discuss how important system analysis and especially requirement analysis are to the success of software development. To begin, there will be a brief definition of system and requirement analysis and also a brief description of the software development and how it can be described as being successful. It will then be followed by the benefits and drawbacks of system and requirement analysis to the software development process. And thenRead MoreSoftware Engineering : A Very Arduous Process1474 Words   |  6 Pages At its inception, software engineering was a very arduous process. It was expensive and complicated. Nevertheless like many other commodities, software became cheaper and easier to create over time. Now software dictates many parts of our daily lives. Millions of people rely on a myriad of software based products, from regular consumers, business, governments, healthcare providers among other demographics. It is imperative that the software we use is reliable and accessible. Many methods and approachesRead MoreDevelopment630 Words   |  3 Pagessoftware as a miniature model. The flaws, both technical and design, can be found and removed and the entire process canIntroduction: A software development process is a structure imposed on the development of a software product. Synonyms include software life cycle and software process. There are several models for such processes, each describing approaches to a variety of tasks or activities that take place during the process. Software Development Life Cycle The Software Development Life CycleRead MoreDeveloping Texas Instruments Ti 30x IIs 2 Line Scientific Calculator Essay1375 Words   |  6 PagesThe project is all about developing Texas Instruments TI-30X IIS 2-Line Scientific Calculator. The main factor for project success is to have a well-developed project plan and strategic planning to understand the project needs and requirements. The following are the few essential planning steps to develop a project. PROJECT PLAN: The project plan is a major planning from the entire planning process. But, project managers all over the world struggle with this problem of information or planning needRead MoreSoftware development methodology to improve planning and scheduling in web development.800 Words   |  4 PagesSoftware development methodology to improve planning and scheduling in web development. Introduction Now a days Software is an essential part of the modern society. Most of the business companies, government, organizations using IT systems in their operations. But most of the information system projects frequently fail because of the failure to meet the user requirements, insufficient budget, poor communication, poor planning and scheduling, lack of quality assurance and do not have a standard projectRead MoreEssay on Agile Software Development Methodologies1638 Words   |  7 Pagesconventional software development methodologies projects have failed to overcome the problem of volatility in the present project management processes in organizations. This is because they are mostly linear and sequential, imposing a significant challenge when meeting changing user requirements. Volatility in user requirements has been a significant predicament until the discovery of agile project management methodologies such as scrum, Extreme programming, and Future driven development. VolatilityRead MoreSoftware Engineering : An Integral Part Of Everyone s Life848 Words   |  4 PagesSoftware Engineering has become an integral part of everyone’s life. People need software for various activities such as paying electricity or mobile bills through automated systems and so on which make their work easier. Software Engineering is a tedious task. Software Engineering involves steps such as planning, gathering requirements, designing and analysis(whether it fits the requirements of the user or not), implementation(turning the design into machine executable code),testing and maintenanceRead MoreSoftware Architecture And Methodology As A Tool For Efficient Software Engineering Process1312 Words   |  6 Pages ABSTRACT Nowadays, traditional software processes have slowly taken the place of agile software Processes. This is mostly because of traditional processes have limitations, which holds a slow modification to quickly changing requirements, and a proclivity to go over cost of project and get late back in schedule. This paper explains objectives, pros, and cons of agile and traditional processes. It is also briefly describing the Unified Process as well as common elements of the Scrum process modelRead MoreThe Software Development Life Cycle1202 Words   |  5 PagesThe software development life cycle is utilized by the software industry to design, develop, and test software. The objective of the SDLC is to provide high quality software that exceeds customer expectations and meets timeframes and cost expectations. This paper will provide a brief overview of the SDLC and the various stages throughout the life cycle. There are various SDLC models such as the waterfall, agile, and rapid developmen t. The writer will describe traditional waterfall method utilized

Biography of Marcus Mosiah Garvey Essay examples - 3604 Words

Biography of Marcus Mosiah Garvey Marcus Mosiah Garvey was the man who in the historical record brought unification and strength to Black people throughout the world. He traveled to many countries to see the poor working and living conditions of the black people. He started the United Negro Improvement Association and spoke out about the unjust behavior towards his people. He inspired and gave hope through speaking, teaching and writing. He used poetry to understand his own life and relay it to black people and promted them to do the same. Garvey was born in St. Anne’s Bay, Jamaica on August 17, 1887. He was a decendant of the Maroons, Jamaica’s first freedom fighters, and he was said to be proud of his pure black†¦show more content†¦He ended up spending many years in the US strengthening the back-to-Africa movement he started. He came at a perfect time because it was right when black people were starting to rise up against the government and racism. He chose the perfect place, Harlem where there was a strong black culture and the focus area of black intelligentsia, literature and art. He first traveled around the country speaking and ended up in New York City where he started the second chapter of the UNIA. He was a very religious man and used God and himself as the leaders of this movement. Gospel had a huge impact on people so he used it for black racial pride and wrote many songs himself. Garvey was so charismatic that he influenced black people worldwide with his energy and long awaited tru th. Black people were fed up with the years of oppression and racism that had started with the colonization of much of their land. With all the talking Garvey did, he did twice the acting. With the success of his movement and support from his people he felt some kind of economic stronghold should be started. In 1919 the UNIA established a shipping fleet called Black Star Line. It was a sign of economic equality and enterprise. It consisted of three ships to transport passengers to and from Africa, America and the Caribbean. It did well for a while, but didn’t last because of expenses and corruption. By 1920 the UNIA had become a very powerful organization with hundreds of chapters all overShow MoreRelatedAfrican American Identity2208 Words   |  9 Pagesesteem, and yet have truly transformed and continue to support a freed people, to obtain all of their rights. What follows is from three writers who each in his own way contributed mightily to the African American cause. They are W.E.B. Du Bois, Marcus Garvey, and Glen Loury. First, we have W.E.B. (William Edward Burghardt) Dubois, who was born on February 23, 1868 in Great Barrington, Massachusetts. Dubois was one of the most influential black leaders of the first half of the 20th Century. DuboisRead MoreBob Marley: His Music and Spirituality1394 Words   |  6 Pagesthe culture. He introduced him to the Rastafarian bible the â€Å"Holy Piby†. According to the biography, â€Å"Marley, Nesta Robert (1945-1981) Dictionary of Literary Influences: The Twentieth Century† John Powell explains that† the Holy Piby, which was compiled by Robert Athlyi Rogers from 1913 to 1917. This religion’s ideological premises come from some of the teachings of back-to-Africa advocate Marcus Mosiah Garvey† (Pg. 347). The spiritual inspiration and musical accents associated with the Holy Piby emit

Puberty Blues Study Free Essays

Society has changed dramatically since the 1970’s, especially for teenagers and the newer generations. Although in some ways it is still similar. It seems the biggest impact on these changes all result from technology. We will write a custom essay sample on Puberty Blues Study or any similar topic only for you Order Now The introduction of the internet, mobile phones and social networking, in my eyes, has changed everything. The way families communicate is one of the major differences I have noticed after watching ‘Puberty Blues’, a television series set in the 1970’s, about a series of families and teenagers making their way through life, puberty and problems they might encounter on a daily basis. The show previewed the way people communicated with each other, always using a voice. Either they called each other via home phone, which meant minimum privacy from your parents. Or talking face-to-face†¦ In one scene, the family were sitting down to dinner when the phone kept ringing, her mother, assuming it was her best friend, said it can wait. It was then from a murmur that it was established by the parents that it was in fact a boyfriend calling for her. These forms of communications are in itself rare today as a majority of teenagers and adolescents text or message each other and these portable devices with locks and codes means maximum privacy. Today, we meet people on Facebook and other social networking sites. And it’s from these profiles that you can establish many things about a person and make a first judgement. Statistics show 34% of Australia’s population with a Facebook account are of those between 13 and 24. Not to mention the issue of fake accounts and predators online that can ‘groom’ vulnerable teenagers and drain personal information out of them. School during these two different periods of time are quite similar. Cliche groups were very noticeable, the popular kids ECT. For instance in the show, the ‘North Cronulla’ teenagers were picked on and seen as weird, not as cool. You had the students who truanted, rebelled against their teachers although it was noticed how much bullying occurred back in the day, where as now, it is frowned upon, a majority of students are against it and will defend one-another. Another difference noticed was of sexual relationships, boyfriends and girlfriends, expectations and behaviour. Knowledge about sex and expectations has been learnt very differently in the past. School sex education is important, yet most of us learn little of what we know about sex from our schooling especially in the 1970’s. We’re it appeared everything was learn from friends, from family whereas today the media has an effect on our knowledge and recourses. Professor Michael Reiss said the following about sex education in the 70’s†¦ ‘By the start of the 1970s, school sex education was beginning to change significantly, no doubt largely in response to the great social changes of the 1960s and ‘70s. Biology textbooks started to provide fuller accounts of the human reproductive systems, while methods of contraception began to be taught more widely. The emphasis was mostly on the provision of accurate information, and aims of sex education programmes included a decrease in ignorance, guilt, embarrassment and anxiety. Issues to do with relationships were probably more often discussed in programmes of personal and social education, or their equivalents, rather than in biology lessons. In the case of ‘Puberty Blues’ the relationships were based very much on sex life. The males had high expectations of the females, it didn’t seen to affect the kids (except some females) if they didn’t talk or have fun as it was all about sexual activities. A majority of the males treated the girls horribly and talked disrespectfully to their mates about their sexual encounters. The girls would do anything to be accepted, to have a good relationship (although the standard of a decent relationship wasn’t very high). In the case of the protagonists in the series, they both began as regular students, in no particular group; they were at first bullied by the ‘cool kids’. It was then that they started participating in dangerous activities just to fit in (drinking alcohol and smoking), this wasn’t quite peer pressure, but under the circumstances of wanting to fit in, they felt it was necessary, which sadly worked for them. The pressure began after they had been accepted and became romantic with other boys; they were forced into sex by not only the males but the more experienced girls in the group. The consequences that came with these actions included hurting their self respect and general morals, sneaking behind parents backs that wouldn’t approve and having to give their black-mailing brother cigarettes to keep him quiet. They may have also gained a reputation in societies eyes, especially other parents and their own. Today, relationships are entirely different for teenagers. Yes in some cases there is an expectation for sexual activity down the track but nothing immediate like in ‘Puberty Blues’. It’s more important to have a healthy and trustworthy relationship, to be able to talk and have fun, enjoy each other’s company. I can’t exactly speak on behalf of males but I still feel there is a touch of disrespect towards women in terms of the privacy of relationship details. According to ‘Teens Health’ the 7 necessities for a healthy relationship are- Mutual Respect, trust, honesty, support, fairness/equality, separate identities and good communications which the relationships in ‘Puberty Blues’ and even most today were lacking some or a lot of. Other risk taking behaviour included drink driving and smoking for adults too. At this stage in time, the severity and impacts smoking can have on someone had not been specified or broadcasted compared to what it is today. The only restriction was to younger people, not that it stopped them. Quote Terry Martin (article writer, 70’s smoker) – ‘When I was a young smoker back in the mid 70s, attitudes about tobacco were a lot different than they are today. A person could light up just about anywhere, and while we all knew that cigarette smoking was hazardous to our health, we were in the dark ages about just how dangerous it really was. Smokers were accepted by society and smoking was tolerated to a degree we can’t fathom today. ’ Drink driving was also swept under the carpet, it wasn’t seen as quite a big deal, whereas after many crashes and lives lost over the years, people started to spread awareness and bring in stronger law enforcement into place. Lastly, drug use was showed a lot on the series , notably by the teenage boys mainly smoking weed, as it is also quite relevant still today in high school students. In both scenarios it has been and is still illegal although this remains to change little to the situation. Overall a lot has changed over the years, but this sense of rebellion by the younger generation remains and will continue too. We can only hope that after seeing so much improvement over the years after watching ‘Puberty Blues’ that we can appreciate it and continue to improve it for years to come. http://www. socialbakers. com/facebook-statistics/australia http://www. open. edu/openlearn/body-mind/health/health-studies/brief-history-sex-education http://quitsmoking. about. com/od/antismokingresources/a/tobaccoepidemic. htm How to cite Puberty Blues Study, Essay examples

Academic Writing Globalized Digitized Era -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Academic Writing Globalized Digitized Era? Answer: Introducation Scholars traditionally were thought to be the academicians that are employed by the universities for the academic purposes. These aspects get broadened when the concept of digital scholarship is applied. Digital scholarship implies that scholar remains highly connected with the global network of peers and share the media output over the internet. Digital scholarship somewhat describes the monotonous feel of the institutionalized based researches and focuses more on the digital world that includes the online data sharing, and networking. All these activities occur under a digital identity. Perhaps if a simple definition is used then it can be said that, a digital scholar is someone who uses technology based approaches to write and demonstrate issues (Weller, 2011). Thesis statement: This study is based on finding the potentials and problems for the professional and academic writers in a globalized and digital era. First of all, to emphasize on the professional and academic writing in a globalized and digital world. The problems that affect the professional and academic writers need to be highlighted. Colleges, Universities and writing centers throughout the world face issues related to plagiarism. The issues related to the plagiarism are very complex and leave a little room for the teacher and the student to understand the various complexities associated with the copyright, attribution, and permission. Teachers find themselves in a conflicting position with respect to the students. The issues of plagiarism are not to be confined in a classroom, whereas the discussion must be based on the fair usage of the copyright materials. The limited access of the copyright material has raised public concerns and debates. It is seen that on one side there is vast increase in the quantity of information over the internet, and on the other side the issues related to the intellectual property litigations and limited access to the copyright materials. These concerns have raised exponentially currently. It is important to note that, the postmodern literary theory reveals that nothing in this world in fully original, the main factor is that new information are processed by processing and mixing the reused ideas. Across the different fields and disciplines, it is important to note that plagiarism is not just a simple wrong; a deep understanding of can reveal the major difference that lies within the original work and mere changing of the texts to create new inferences. However, several contributors have reminded from time to time that copyright laws do not guarantee that individual work is totally under the control of a single person (Eisner Vicinus, 2008, p. 1-9). Buying and stealing others work, both ruin and undermine the reliability of the written work and at the same time damages the free exchange and the openness in the spread of the ideas. Recently, high levels of plagiarism in the works of the undergraduate student of a Harvard student was noticed in a novel and also there are several evidences that reveal that works in the biomedical field are to a large extent found to be plagiarized. The process of inculcating and conserving the ethical way of working will depend on the advantage being provided by the newer technologies. Writers must possess the knowledge of how to give appropriate credits to the original authors of a particular work (Eisner Vicinus, 2008, p. 1-9). There is a wide difference between the copyright infringement and plagiarism. Copyright can be described as a matter of law whereas plagiarism can be described as a matter of ethics. Although, plagiarism can occur unintentionally, but people who is involved in plagiarism often gets punished. Another explanation provided by the author is that plagiarism is considered as a matter of norms of community and etiquette. Plagiarism is widely considered as a crime against a particular group of audiences and is seen as an embarrassment and insult to the others. Whereas, another distinction also points out that plagiarism is the reuse or the use of ideas and words without the giving a suitable acknowledgement. Whereas, copyright infringement is the reuse and use of ideas and words without permission (Eisner Vicinus, 2008, p. 173-180). The condition of plagiarism is more complicated in the professional writers. There is a case of essay written by Michael Grossberg that display the complexities in detecting the and monitoring plagiarism that are existing in a single discipline, when the privacy and confidentiality drive the process (Eisner Vicinus, 2008, p. 1-9). The potentiality of the digitized era and the globalized world can be viewed by the following way: Gordon Kane explains that within theoretical physics, the self-policing process is easy because the field is small and people know each other. The additive effect of internet also aids in sharing views and the ideas. The best part is that rather than waiting for months and years for the work to get published, academic writers. Whereas, the same is problematic if policing in the field of medical biology. In the field of science, it is found that theft of data and ideas are more complex and serious if the authors works and argument are not acknowledged. At the same time, Gilbert S. Omenns made it clear that, another risk is posed by the researchers that peer review the journals, because during the peer reviewing there is a high chance of stealing of ideas from the grants and the applications (Eisner Vicinus, 2008, p. 1-9). The academic research articles and papers related to Humanities a re always packed with the references which suggest a positive side that there exists more than one a synchronous dialogue within different number of academic writers. In the field of Humanities, the authors that are associated with a work, acknowledge each other and eventually valorise the facts. The peer also extends the critique which are thus incorporated into the final work (Sinclair, 2015, p. 44-49). It is an established belief that all the writers are good readers and theses readers possess the potential to become a good writer. Reading is considered to be an essential aspect of creative work. Participatory reading is a great way to gain knowledge regarding the circulation and creation of the knowledge and content. The advent of the new technologies has made it possible to engage with the new materials that are found in the multiple perspectives disciplines (Clinton, Jenkins McWilliams, 2013, p. 3-23). Digital scholarship potentiality has increased manifold through the sophis tication of the search engines algorithm and the digitized global library. Such as the one undertaken by the search giant, Google in the year 2004. This project typically contained the digitization of the five big academic libraries in the United States. The new development of the searching algorithm has led to the expansion of the searching abilities of the search engine an at the same time, searching information is also easy for any person accessing the internet. The new Web 2.0 version offers newer internet based services like the Wikipedia, social networking sites, folksonomies and communication tools (Donelan, Kear and Ramage, 2005, p. 225-228). The digital research process that are utilized in the world over is motivated through the application of the information and communication technology (ICT) and also due to the increasing availability of the internet connection. Internet is actually revolutionizing the research process to be conducted fully from the online resources. Fur thermore, the information that are gathered digitally from the online resources provide a big leap in the research process which otherwise would have taken a long time to conduct from the printed resources. These printed resources are not always available widely and acts as a hindrance in the conduct of research. Writing also is affected the same way, the advent of the internet and the availability of the research journals, research articles and thesis to a great extent influence the writing of both the academic and professional writers. The availability of the information 24/7 over the internet, intranet and the other faster growing networks have favoured the digital scholarships information delivery (Mutula, 2011, p. 261-276). Conclusion Therefore, from the above discussion it can be concluded that the digitized era and the globalized world has enhanced the writing skills of the both the professional and academic writers. Although, there exists a big issue of plagiarism that affects the writer knowingly or unknowingly. The availability of the information by just at the click of the mouse has enabled writers to delve into the vast world of information. This information is considered as data sets, that help in further analysis. Plagiarism is considered as crime while the copyright infringement under the purview of law. These are the issues that are currently being faced by the professionals and academic writers. The potentiality of the academic and professional writer is enhanced by the internet connectivity and availability of the resources. The resource availability on a wide scale has enhanced the working ability on both data processing, information representation. Reference Clinton, K., Jenkins, H., McWilliams, J. (2013). New literacies in an age of participatory culture. Reading in a participatory culture: Remixing Moby-Dick in the English classroom, 3-23. Donelan, H., Kear, K. and Ramage, M. (2005). Online Communication and Collaboration: A Reader. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge, pp.225-228. Eisner, C., Vicinus, M. (2008). Originality, imitation, and plagiarism: Teaching writing in the digital age. University of Michigan Press. pp.173-180 Mutula, S. M. (2011). Ethics and trust in digital scholarship. The electronic library, 29(2), 261-276. https://doi.org/10.1108/02640471111125212 Sinclair, C. (2015). Students perspectives on academic writing in the digital age. TechTrends, 59(1), 44-49. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11528-014-0819-5 Weller, M. (2011). The digital scholar: How technology is transforming scholarly practice. AC Black.

Because I Could Not Stop For Death Essays - American Christians

Because I Could Not Stop For Death Emily Dickinson's "Because I could not stop for Death" is a remarkable masterpiece that exercises thought between the known and the unknown. Critics call Emily Dickinson's poem a masterpiece with strange "haunting power." In Dickinson's poem, "Because I could not stop for Death," there is much impression in the tone, in symbols, and in the use of imagery that exudes creativity. One might undoubtedly agree to an eerie, haunting, if not frightening, tone in Dickinson's poem. Dickinson uses controlling adjectives?"slowly" and "passed"?to create a tone that seems rather placid. For example, "We slowly drove?He knew no haste / ...We passed the School ... / We passed the Setting Sun?," sets a slow, quiet, calm, and dreamy atmosphere (5, 9, 11, 12). "One thing that impresses us," one author wrote, "is the remarkable placidity, or composure, of its tone" (Greenberg 128). The tone in Dickinson's poem will put its readers' ideas on a unifying track heading towards a boggling atmosphere. Dickinson's masterpiece lives on complex ideas that are evoked through symbols, which carry her readers through her poem. Besides the literal significance of ?the "School," "Gazing Grain," "Setting Sun," and the "Ring"?much is gathered to complete the poem's central idea. Emily brought to light the mysteriousness of life's cycle. Ungraspable to many, the cycle of one's life, as symbolized by Dickinson, has three stages and then a final stage of eternity. These three stages are recognized by Mary N. Shaw as follows: "School, where children strove"(9) may represent childhood; "Fields of Gazing Grain"(11), maturity; and "Setting Sun" (12) old age" (21). In addition to these three stages, the final stage of eternity was symbolized in the last two lines of the poem, the "Horses Heads" (23), leading "towards Eternity" (24). Dickinson fathomed the incomprehensible progression of life by unraveling its complexity with figurative symbols. Emily Dickinson dresses the scene such that mental pictures of sight, feeling, and sound come to life. The imagery begins the moment Dickinson invites Her reader into the "Carriage." Death"slowly" takes the readers on a sight seeing trip where they see the stages of life. The first site "We" passed was the "School, where Children strove" (9). Because it deals with an important symbol, ?the "Ring"?this first scene is perhaps the most important. One author noted that "the children, at recess, do not play (as one would expect them to) but strive" (Monteiro 20). In addition, at recess, the children performed a venerable ritual, perhaps known to all, in a ring. This ritual is called "Ring-a-ring-a-roses," and is recited: Ring-a-ring-a-roses, A pocket full of posies; Hush! hush! hush! hush! We're all tumbled down. (qtd. in Greenaway 365) Monteiro made the discovery and concluded that "For indeed, imbedded in their ritualistic game is a reminder of the mortal stakes that the poet talks about elsewhere"(21). On this invited journey, one vividly sees the "Children" playing, laughing, and singing. This scene conveys deep emotions and moods through verbal pictures. The imagery in the final scene, "We passed the Setting Sun," proved very emotional (12). One can clearly picture a warm setting sun, perhaps, over a grassy horizon. The idea of a setting sun, aftermath a fact of slumber in a cold dark night. When Dickinson passed the "Setting Sun," night drew nigh and it was time to go home and sleep. Symbolically, Her tour of life was short; it was now time for "Eternity"?death. While sight seeing in the carriage, one can gather, by the setting of the sun, that this ride was lifelong. It is evident that death can creep up on His client. In example, often times, when one experience a joyous time, time seems to ?fly'. In the same respect, Emily Dickinson states "Or rather?He [the Setting Sun] passed Us?" (13). In this line, one can see how Dickinson, dressed for the "Day," indicates that a pleasant time was cut short (15,16). Before She knew it, the cold "Dews drew quivering and chill"(14). The imagery in this transcendent poem shines great light on some hidden similarities between life and death. This poem exercises both the thoughts and emotions of its reader and can effectively change one's viewpoint of an eternal future. Eternity and Death are two important characters in Emily Dickinson's "Because I could not stop for Death." In fact, eternity is a state of being. Dickinson believed in an eternity after death (24). Agreeably, one can say that Emily Dickinson's sole purpose in this poem is to show no fear of death. Emily Dickinson's poem, "Because I could not stop for Death,"

Free Essays on Poe’s “Mask Of The Red Death” Can Be Interpreted As An Allegory Of Life Itself

In the â€Å"Mask of the Red Death† Poe uses many symbols to create links to the living world. Through the use of setting, objects of human manufacture and the metaphors associated with many of these objects, Poe creates a realistic setting in which to teach us a lesson about life or death. The use of the rooms as a progression through life, their offset placement not allowing a view of what is to come, the eerie chiming count down of the clock, and the last and blackest of rooms as Prince Prospero final resting place are all ways in which Poe uses symbols to create and allegory to life. The rooms and their color are essential in that through the use of color they convey our mortality. The progressively darkening colors can be seen a stages of life. When we are young all is bright and new but as we grow older the color starts to fade until nothing is left and all is black. The Red Death completes this journey, appearing in the first room and making his way through the crowd to the to the final and blackest of rooms. Even the placement of the clock in the last room can be interpreted as a symbol that time is up life is over. The placement of the rooms is essential in a way that they don’t allow you to cheat in the view. Just as in life you are rarely allowed a glimpse of what is to come the rooms with their offset nature allow no view of each other. To find out what is around the corner you must make the journey through the room you are in and progress to the next just as in life. Without this journey or progression none of us would grow in mind or thought and thus be confined to the same color and position for all our days. Even the cardinal direction of the last room can be seen as an end to our time here. Its west-facing window is doomed to see the setting of the sun always; no dawn or new ray of life will ever enter into the blackness. The placement of the clock it the final room is yet another allegory of life. ... Free Essays on Poe’s â€Å"Mask Of The Red Death† Can Be Interpreted As An Allegory Of Life Itself Free Essays on Poe’s â€Å"Mask Of The Red Death† Can Be Interpreted As An Allegory Of Life Itself In the â€Å"Mask of the Red Death† Poe uses many symbols to create links to the living world. Through the use of setting, objects of human manufacture and the metaphors associated with many of these objects, Poe creates a realistic setting in which to teach us a lesson about life or death. The use of the rooms as a progression through life, their offset placement not allowing a view of what is to come, the eerie chiming count down of the clock, and the last and blackest of rooms as Prince Prospero final resting place are all ways in which Poe uses symbols to create and allegory to life. The rooms and their color are essential in that through the use of color they convey our mortality. The progressively darkening colors can be seen a stages of life. When we are young all is bright and new but as we grow older the color starts to fade until nothing is left and all is black. The Red Death completes this journey, appearing in the first room and making his way through the crowd to the to the final and blackest of rooms. Even the placement of the clock in the last room can be interpreted as a symbol that time is up life is over. The placement of the rooms is essential in a way that they don’t allow you to cheat in the view. Just as in life you are rarely allowed a glimpse of what is to come the rooms with their offset nature allow no view of each other. To find out what is around the corner you must make the journey through the room you are in and progress to the next just as in life. Without this journey or progression none of us would grow in mind or thought and thus be confined to the same color and position for all our days. Even the cardinal direction of the last room can be seen as an end to our time here. Its west-facing window is doomed to see the setting of the sun always; no dawn or new ray of life will ever enter into the blackness. The placement of the clock it the final room is yet another allegory of life. ...

Outside speech Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Outside speech - Assignment Example Second, it is the role of the human resource development section to improve on the quality of this employee through programs such as training and seminars to make them fit in the contemporary environment. Therefore, as emerging leaders of this great nation, we shall be in various leadership positions in the future. To make the workforce that one has go that extra mile to not only deliver to the given goals of the company, they need motivation. Motivation can be done through increased salaries, recognition of the best performing employees and promotions. On top of that, motivation without creating a good ethical culture in the business may not work well or deliver the desired results in the company. Therefore, ladies and gentlemen, as leaders in the future, let us uphold great ethical standards both while serving and out of the work place. As managers and human resource personnel, let us know that to make the given employees to work they not only need motivation but a good working environment that will make them own up the responsibilities that they are given.’ I gave the speech to students during an organized trade fair where the students were accorded the chance to interact and give their views on ways to improve organizational performance. The goal of the speech was to pin point the need of merging the knowledge in human resource management and human resource development to get a highly performing employee team. In the speech, I provided the audience with the approaches to both ideas since most people rarely understand the difference between the two and how they can be merged to increase the organizational performance. I made the speech in the following manner; - Since I had prepared to give this speech having explored various strengths and drawbacks while doing it, I did not suffer from anxiety. All the points that I was to address were coherently put

Statistics Problems Speech or Presentation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Statistics Problems - Speech or Presentation Example Ex: A market research to identify the buying behavior of the consumers in a particular market segment. As the research will have a budget constraint, it will be impossible to conduct the survey among the entire population. Hence a representative sample is selected to conduct the research. Ex: Research to identify a cure for a fast spreading virus, such as the influenza virus. It is essential to conduct a quick diagnosis with a few infected patients (rather than all the infected patients) to come up with a cure, so that the virus is contained from spreading. 34. Information from the American Institute of Insurance indicates the mean amount of life insurance per household in the United States is $110,000. This distribution follows the normal distribution with a standard deviation of $40,000. 32. A state meat inspector in Iowa has been given the assignment of estimating the mean net weight of packages of ground chuck labeled â€Å"3 pounds.† Of course, he realizes that the weights cannot be precisely 3 pounds. A sample of 36 packages reveals the mean weight to be 3.01 pounds, with a standard deviation of 0.03 pounds. 34. A recent survey of 50 executives who were laid off from their previous position revealed it took a mean of 26 weeks for them to find another position. The standard deviation of the sample was 6.2 weeks. Construct a 95 percent confidence interval for the population mean. Is it reasonable that the population mean is 28 weeks? Justify your answer. 46. As a condition of employment, Fashion Industries applicants must pass a drug test. Of the last 220 applicants 14 failed the test. Develop a 99 percent confidence interval for the proportion of applicants that fail the test. Would it be reasonable to conclude that more than 10 percent of the applicants are now failing the test? In addition to the testing of

Old common law rule

Old common law rule Introduction The old common law rule of The demise of nemo dat quod non habet that a person cannot convey a greater title than that person already has and a person holding a licence cannot convey the superior title of a lease. This old comman law rule had been followed for many years, until the House of Lords decision in Bruton. The House of Lords in Bruton held that someone with no interest in land can grant a lease provided that the exclusive possession is given in the agreement. I will explain and critically evaluate the House of Lords decision in the followings. House of Lords Decision The House of Lords took the opposite view with the Court of Appeal and held that the agreement between the Trust and Mr.Bruton was a lease. I will explain the decision below. Applying Street v Mountford The House of Lord decision in Street had been strictly applied.[1] According to Street, the agreement between the Trust and Mr.Bruton could be a lease/ tenancy if the three elements of 1) exclusive possession; 2) term and 3) rent are satisfied. The agreement permitted Mr.Bruton to occupy a flat in the block on a short-term basis for a weekly sum of ?18. The elements of term and rent are thus satisfied. Whether Bruton had exclusive possession Whether the requirement in Street can be satisfied depends on whether Mr.Bruton had exclusive possession. Although the agreement expressively referred it as a licence, it is irrelevant. Lord Hoffmann said that the language used, such as licence, is irrelevant. It is the true construction that identifies it as a lease.[2] Exclusive possession is a question of law that depends on the characteristic of the terms agreed. Lord Hoffmann said that the Trust plainly gave Mr.Bruton a right to exclusive possession and there was no suggestion on shared possession.[3] Effect of the reservation clause Although the Trust reserved limited right of entry for the purpose of inspection and repair, still exclusive possession was given to Mr. Bruton. Lord Hoffmann used the case of Westminster City Council [1992] as reference .In Westminster City, the only rights which it reserved were for itself and the council to enter at certain times for limited purposes. He further relied on the judgment of Lord Templeman in Street, and deduced that such an express reservation only further reinforced the entitlement of Mr. Bruton to exclusive possession.[4] Special Circumstances Charitable objective Could the charitable objective and the lack of interest in land of the Trust be considered to be special circumstances? Lord Hoffmann stated that the character of the landlord is irrelevant. He said that Although the Rent Acts and other Landlord and Tenant Acts do make distinctions between different kinds of landlords, it is not by saying that what would be a tenancy if granted by one landlord will be something else if granted by another.[5] Therefore, the charitable objective of the Trust did not constitute to a special circumstance. Could a landlord with no interest in land grant a lease/ tenancy The general rule is that if the landlord has no interest in land, he is in lack of capacity to grant a lease. The House of Lords relied on Family Housing Association to justify that there was no special circumstance existed for making an exception to the principle in Street. The House of Lord considered that Family Housing Association v. Jones was wrongly distinguished in the Court of Appeal. Lord Hoffmann regarded the fact in this case was very similar to that in Bruton. The crucial element is that in Family Housing Association, the grantor have no legal title, nonetheless, Slade L.J. concluded that the grantor have no legal title was not constitute an exception to the principle in Street. Therefore, the Housing Trust could grant Bruton a tenancy despite that the Trust had no interest in land. Tenancy by Estoppel MillettL.J. in the Court of Appeal said that an agreement could not be a lease unless it created a legal estate in the land which binds the whole world. He said that the only exception in this case that the grantor could grant a lease was by tenancy by estoppel. Lord Hoffmann thought that MilletL.J. was misled by the term of tenancy by estoppel that an agreement which could not otherwise be a lease or tenancy but which was treated as being one by virtue of an estoppel.[6] Lord Hoffmann and Lord Hobhouse thought that tenancy by estoppel was not a correct analysis. In this case, estoppel arises from the agreement, not the other way round. Critical Evaluation Contrary to the intention of legislation/ Parliament According to section 32(3) of the Housing Act 1985, the Council had no power to grant the Housing Trust a tenancy. Therefore the intention of the legislation was that the trust could only have the capacity to grant licence to homeless people on a temporary basis. The House of Lords decision totally ignored the intention of the legislation. The duty of a Judge is not to make law, but to interpret the intention of the Parliament. In this case, I think that the intention of the Parliament in section 32(3) is to provide temporary accommodation for homeless people through the Housing Trust by granting licence. The intention of Parliament should be supreme and should be strictly followed by the Judges. Street v Mountford should be distinguished Although the agreement expressly stated that it is in the form of a licence. The House of Lords still found that the agreement was a tenancy because the agreement grants exclusive possession to Mr.Bruton. Charitable objective of the Trust should be constituted as a special circumstance that constructs the agreement as a licence despite the rule in Street. Lord Hoffmann regarded that the charitable objective of the Trust is irrelevant and there was no distinction among other landlords. Again, Lord Hoffmann did not follow the intention of the Legislation/ Parliament. The Rent Acts and other Landlord and Tenant Acts do make distinctions between different kinds of landlords. In my opinion, the characteristic of charity does prohibit the Trust from granting a tenancy, since providing a temporary accommodation for people in need required a high degree of flexibility. Therefore a charitable trust should only grant licence rather than tenancy. The decision in Street should be distinguished due to these special circumstances. No exclusive possession I think that exclusivity of possession should be judged in an objective basis. All the terms in the agreement and the intention of the parties should be taken into account. Therefore the reservation clause should be interpreted objectively. As it was an express clause, there was strong evidence showing that the Trust intended not to give exclusive possession to Mr. Bruton. Moreover, with the right of entry is reserved by the Trust, it could hardly be concluded that exclusive possession was given to Mr. Bruton. Floodgate After Bruton, a new type of tenancy called personal tenancy is created. In Bruton, the grantor with no interest in land can still grant a lease. This decision totally departed from the old rule that a person holding a licence cannot convey a lease. After Bruton, Kay v Lambeth [2004] and London Borough of Islington v Green and OShea [2005] both confirmed that a personal tenancy could be granted by someone with no interest in land. [7] The nature of personal tenancy seems to be similar to that of a contractual licence. Unfortunately, the House of Lords did not distinguish personal tenancy from contractual licence. The result would be potentially dangerous since a licence granted by the landlord maybe eventually interpreted as a personal tenancy by court according to Bruton. A floodgate situation would be resulted, since every licensee would argue that a personal tenancy should be granted instead of a licence. Registration The personal tenancy creates no interest in land and the nature of a personal tenancy is similar to that of a contractual licence. A contracts or leases (but not oral lease) are registrable under LRO s.2 but a contractual licence is not registrable under L.R.O, s. 2.. Therefore it is doubtful whether a personal tenancy created in Bruton is registrable. Conclusion After the above analysis, I do not think that the decision of the House of Lord in Bruton is a good decision. It created uncertainty in whether someone with no interest in land can grant a lease or not. Although in Bruton, and the latter case of Kay [2004] and Green [2005] confirmed that a grantor with no interest in land can grant a personal tenancy. But the old common law rule of The demise of nemo dat quod non habet still needed to be considered. And Lord Hoffmann did not give a concrete reason on not applying the old common law rule. It also blurred the requirement of satisfying an exclusive possession. In Bruton, the tenant of the personal tenancy has enforceable rights against the landlord and against strangers,'[8] except the original grantor (the council), which has a superior title.[9] As the tenant cannot enforce his right against someone who has the superior title, the element of exclusive possession in the personal tenancy is in doubt. The House of Lords created an uncertainty in determining whether exclusive possession had been given in the assignment. Lastly, certainty in law and the intention of the Parliament should be strictly observed. And the decision of the House of Lord in Bruton disrupted the legal certainty and contravened the intention of Parliament. Therefore, it cannot be a correct decision. Per Lord Templeman in Street v Mountford, supra at p.818 Per Lord Hoffmann in Bruton v London Quadrant Housing Trust, supra at p.413 Per Lord Hoffmann in Bruton v London Quadrant Housing Trust, supra at p.414 Per Lord Hoffmann in Bruton v London Quadrant Housing Trust, supra at p.414 Per Lord Hoffmann in Bruton v London Quadrant Housing Trust, supra at p.414 Per Lord Hoffmann in Bruton v London Quadrant Housing Trust, supra at p.414 Mark Pawlowski, James Brown, Case Comment Bruton: A new species of tenancy?, Landlord Tenant Review 2000 M. Harwood, Lease: Are They Still not Really Real? (2000) 20 Legal Studies 503 at p.513 John-Paul Hinojosa, On Property, Lease, Licences, Horses and Carts: Revising Bruton v London Quadrant Housing Trust, Conveyancer and Property Lawyer 2005

Analysis of Durkheim’s “The Elementary Forms of Religious Essay

As described in Durkheim’s The Elementary Forms of Religious Life, a totem is apparent in every society. A totem is a symbolic figure of some creature, being, or thing that represents the sanctity and principle of god. Essentially, a totem is a profane, ordinary object that has been deemed by society to have some holy, sacred characteristics. With this being said, the object itself does not have any holy or sacred qualities; rather it is merely the representation of the totem that holds these characteristics. For example, if a society’s totem is a turtle then an actual turtle would merely be a turtle, but when the turtle is presented as a totemic emblem then this symbolic representation of the turtle is sacred. Durkheim argues that, because the totem is a socially constructed representation of god then the totem itself represents society as well. Durkheim makes this assumption evidently clear by stating that â€Å"the god of the clan, the totemic principle, can therefore be nothing else than the clan itself, personified and represented to the imagination under the visible form of the animal or vegetable which serves as totem. From this, one can conclude that Durkheim viewed the worship of totem as worshipping society. Durkheim goes on to make the argument that god and society are â€Å"equivalent. † God is an outside, figurative force that holds the people worshiping it to certain manners and actions. The act of worshipping said god or totem is an indication that the follow ers, believers, or worshipers are dependent upon this force to determine the actions they partake in, the behaviors they exhibit and so on. God and religion exist in order to keep people â€Å"in line† via ritualized activities and setting moral and ethical guidelines that people abide by. Society, in and of itself, possesses the same qualities. The norms and values of a society, which for the most part have been incorporated into the moral and ethical guidelines laid out in the society’s religion, are followed whether or not they are in line with the individuals intrinsic nature. Because of this characteristic, society is itself an outside force that people are dependent on, whether or not they acknowledge it. Lastly, Durkheim acknowledges that these ritualized activities and shared moral values foster the social solidarity and cohesion of society. By partaking in shared activities, whether it be the Islamic ritual of praying to Allah multiple times a day, the American tradition of singing of the national anthem before the first pitch of a baseball game, or the Catholic ritual of aking communion, we are acknowledging that we belong to a group or society. Common activities help establish what Durkheim refers to as â€Å"collective consciousness†, that is a specified set of beliefs and values that are common to members of a given society or group. Praying to the same god or praising the same society, which according to Durkheim are one in the same, encourages the development and maintenance of a collectively held set of morals, values, ethics, and belief s.

The Importance of Time in Virginia Woolf’s Mrs.Dalloway

Modern English novel Theme: â€Å"The importance of time in Virginia Woolf’s Mrs. Dalloway† As human beings, we are unique in our awareness of death. â€Å"We know that we will die, and that knowledge invades our consciousness†¦it will not let us rest until we have found ways, through rituals and stories, theologies and philosophies, either to make sense of death, or, failing that, to make sense of ourselves in the face of death. † Attaching significance to life events is a human reaction to the sense of â€Å"meaninglessness† in the world.Fearing our ultimate annihilation, we form belief systems to reassure us in the face of death. Religion provides us with elaborate rituals at times of death and faith assists believers in mourning and coping with the loss of loved ones. So without a religious foundation, where does one find solace in the face of so much pain? This is the struggle for Virginia Woolf, a self-proclaimed atheist whose life was shadowed by death from an early age. In the years between 18953 (when she was thirteen) and 1904 she lost her mother, her sister, and her father.Less than a decade later, Europe was consumed by war, and public mourning became a part of her life. â€Å"Grieving started very early in Virginia’s life, which might be one reason why her writing offers us such a forceful riposte that it should, or could, be brought to an end. † Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytic theories profoundly changed the way we think about the mind and its subconscious workings. His work greatly influenced the way people understood mental illness and other social deviations. This is especially true during the time that Virginia Woolf was writing these novels, when his books were widely read.In Civilization and Its Discontents, Freud presents the struggle between Eros (the drive for erotic love) and Thanatos (the appetite for death) as the forces that dominate human decision-making and action. He feared that without healthy outlets for our own sexual appetites, humanity would fall to war and violence, as Thanatos wins the battle. Virginia Woolf is a perfect example of how this struggle exists in the human psyche. Her early sexual invasions damaged her sexual drive later in life. She was often cold towards her husband, unable to feel any passion for him.Her desire for death, then, may have been stronger, which would explain her preoccupation with it. Attempting suicide twice, and finally succeeding in 1941, Woolf was acutely aware of the shadow in her life. She, like Septimus the poet in Mrs. Dalloway, condemned herself to death. Responses to death are an important theme in Woolf’s literature. Mourning is a natural and necessary reaction to loss. In our minds, we must put the dead to rest, even if they still exist in our memories. Freud had much to say about this subject in Mourning and Melancholia.He wrote that it might be a response to losing a loved one, as experienced by the c haracters in these novels. It may also be a response to a threatened ideal (country, freedom, family) that may be experienced in time of war. We must, therefore, take into account that Woolf, at the time of writing these two novels, had lived through one World War. After World War I there was much sorrow in Europe. Public mourning, as mentioned, is done on a larger scale, and includes despair, overall uncertainty, and confusion.The Great War had shaken the world, leaving the survivors confused and uncertain as to how to heal the wounds and mourn for so many losses. Writing in the 1920s, Woolf was keenly aware of the mood in Europe, time for public mourning had now passed, and life continued, though radically and forever altered. The war had great impact on her writing, and on her vision of the world. â€Å"The war had taught him [Smith]. It was sublime. He had gone through the whole show, friendship, European War, death†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Death was an ever present shadow in Woolfâ€℠¢s life, but insight could illuminate aspects of life that would have otherwise been overlooked.Without religious security, the author (like the rest of us) struggled to deal with loss. Main part With the publication of  Mrs. Dalloway  (Woolf, 1996) in 1925, the modernist writer and critic Virginia Woolf released one of her most celebrated novels upon the literary world. Examining ‘an ordinary mind on an ordinary day’ (Woolf, 1948, p 189) Woolf explores the fragmentary self through ‘streams of consciousness’, whereby interior monologues are used to tell the story through the minds of the principal characters. Told through the medium of mniscient narration, this story about two people who never meet has no resolution and the characters remain where they started, locked in their own heads, in a constant state of flux. As a contemporary study of post-war Britain, however,  Mrs Dalloway  mirrors the fragmentation that was taking place within her own cul ture and society, and provides a â€Å"delicate rendering of those aspects of consciousness in which she felt that the truth of human experience really lay. † A number of themes and motifs are explored, but this essay will consider the representation of time within the novel.For Woolf, time is a device with which she not only sets the pace of the novel, but with which she also controls her characters, setting and plot. It is also used to question ‘reality’ and the effect of that on the individual characters within the story as they journey through their day. As these different modes are uncovered, psychological time will be revealed and its impact on the main characters of Clarissa Dalloway and Septimus Warren Smith will be examined. Although Woolf has rejected the linear narrative favoured by her precursors, in what she described as a queer yet masterful design, she does achieve a certain linearity.The thoughts and memories of Clarissa Dalloway, despite darting backwards and forwards through time, move towards a definite point in the future – her party. Septimus Warren Smith, on the other hand, is stuck in a time loop, living in a past that he cannot escape until the moment of his death. Mrs Dalloway  bears the hallmarks of a modernist text with its striking and experimental use of form and language. Woolf accelerates and decelerates time by way of the thoughts and emotions of her characters.The speed at which individual paragraphs move convey the emotional response of the character to the situation; when time slows, the sentences are long and languorous, but when the mood changes the sentences shrink to short declarative ones. The kinetic mode is the tempo or speed at which the character experiences a situation and the opening of  Mrs Dalloway  demonstrates how Woolf accelerates time to a fever pitch to convey the energy and restless vitality of the two Clarissa’s: Mrs Dalloway said she would buy the flowers herself.Fo r Lucy had her work cut out for her. The doors would be taken off their hinges; Rumpelmayer’s men were coming. And then, thought Clarissa Dalloway, what a morning – fresh as if issued to children on a beach. What a lark! What a plunge! For so it had always seemed to her when, with a little squeak of the hinges, which she could hear now, she had burst open the French windows and plunged at Bourton into the open air.How fresh, how calm, stiller than this of couse, the air was in the early morning; like the flap of a wave; the kiss of a wave; chill and sharp and yet (for a girl of eighteen as she was then) solemn, feeling as she did, standing there at the open window, that something awful was about to happen†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Mrs Dalloway  is set on a single day in the middle of June, 1923, in London’s West End. The time and place are fragmented by Woolf repeatedly plunging her heroine back in time to the summer at Bourton when she was a girl of 18. Hermione Lee cont ends that â€Å"the past is not in contrast with the present but involved with it†.This passage sets the scene for the dual themes of liberation and loss which are outworked through Clarissa’s rites of passage. Woolf cleverly parallels two important times of Clarissa’s life – her entry into womanhood and her descent into middle age – and establishes a link between chronological time and time of life: In the space of half a page, Woolf sets the scene for her two landscapes – a country house in late Victorian England, and a town house in Georgian Westminster. The late 1880s, when Clarissa was a girl of 18, was â€Å"a time of serenity and security, the age of house parties and long weekends in the country†.The Industrial Revolution had, by this time, transformed the social landscape, and capitalists and manufacturers had amassed great fortunes, shifting money and power to the middle classes. Social class no longer depended upon heritage ; indeed Clarissa’s own social heritage is never clearly defined. Born into an age of reform – Gladstone had passed the Married Woman’s Property Act and Engels had just published the second volume of Marx’s  Das Kapital  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ at 18, Clarissa has an enquiring mind, and despite her apparent naivety, she is questioning and absorbs the different thoughts and ideas that mark the age.Despite her naivety, the eighteen-year-old Clarissa is a vibrant young woman who is full of fun. She loves poetry and has aspirations of falling in love with a man who will value her for the opinions imbued in her by Sally Seton. Her bursting open the French windows and plunging at Bourton is a metaphor for her rite of passage from girlhood to womanhood, and she embraces the change, despite â€Å"feeling†¦that something awful was about to happen. †Ã‚   Life at Bourton was sheltered and Clarissa was protected from the decay of Victorian values; the boundaries set by her father and aging aunt, far from being restricting, allowed her a sense of freedom.Bourton and her youth therefore represent a time of liberation for Clarissa. The present mode of time is one of uncertainty, where Clarissa’s understanding of ’reality’ has been fragmented by the first world war, and where Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin – under whom her husband, Richard, serves – has been in power for just three weeks; the third British Prime Minister in a year. At 52 years old, Clarissa’s plunge into middle age is an ironic affair and the reader is given a sense that it is not the lark that she declares it to be but is rather a time for reflecting on the past.Although she still has a questioning mind, she has lost her voice, and this is symbolised by Woolf’s use of interior monologue. Her home in Westminster, where her bed is narrow and â€Å"the sheets†¦tight stretched in a broad white band from side to side† theref ore represents a time of loss. As a young woman Clarissa had been avidly pursued by Peter Walsh whose marriage proposals she rejected on account of his stifling her. Marriage to Richard was meant to have given her some independence, yet the middle-aged Clarissa is like a caged bird, repeatedly depicted as having â€Å"a touch of the bird about her, of the jay, blue-green. This day is significant to her in that it represents her breaking out of that cage, her ‘coming of age’, and by buying the flowers herself she is asserting her independence and re-gaining control of her life. Despite the ordinariness of her day, Clarissa (in contrast to the feeling she experienced as she plunged through the windows at Bourton) feels that something important is about to happen to her and she receives the morning â€Å"fresh as if issued to children on a beach. † The mature Clarissa has become compliant and her spirit and idealism have been tamed, her passion for life and love qu enched.This attitude reflects the spirit of the modernist age where there is a national lack of confidence in God, in government and in authority following the slaughter at the Somme. Clarissa’s party is her opportunity to unmask her real self to the world. However, she wastes the opportunity by indulging in superficial conversation with people who do not matter to her. This suggests that the real Clarissa has been left behind at Bourton; that the young woman plunging through the squeaky French windows, filled with burgeoning hopes for the future, is the real Clarissa Dalloway.The only time we glimpse her as a mature woman is when she briefly speaks with Peter and Sally at her party. The most obvious representation of time in  Mrs Dalloway  is ‘clock time’. Various clocks are present throughout the novel, including Big Ben, St Margaret’s and an unnamed ‘other’ who is always late. How the character experiences clock time†¦is rendered b y Virginia Woolf as a sensory stimulus which may divert the stream of thought, summon memory, or change an emotional mood, as do the chimes of Big Ben and St Margaret’s throughout Mrs Dalloway.Thus clock time is metamorphosed into feeling and enters consciousness as one more aspect of duration. Accurate to within one second per day, its importance in the novel can be in no doubt. It makes its first appearance early on in the novel as Clarissa leaves her Westminster home. Jill Morris asserts that: When Big Ben strikes, those who hear are lifted out of their absorption in daily living to be reminded of this moment out of all the rest. This is demonstrated by Clarissa who, in the middle of ruminating about her life as she waits to cross the road, becomes suddenly aware of: â€Å"a particular hush, or solemnity; an indescribable pause; a suspense†¦before Big Ben strikes. There! Out it boomed. First a warning, musical; then the hour, irrevocable. The leaden circles dissolved in the air. † Not only do we anticipate the sound of Big Ben, but when â€Å"we hear the sound†¦we have a visual picture of it in our imaginations as well†.The musical warning is the ‘Westminster chime’ – originally the ‘Cambridge chime’ – that plays out before the hour ‘irrevocably’ strikes. Composed in 1859 by William Crotch, it is based on a phrase from Handel’s aria â€Å"I know that my Redeemer Liveth†. The irrevocability of the hour refers to the passing of time and its ephemerality. Once an hour has been spent there is no reclaiming it. This is linked with Clarissa’s obsession with death – that each tick of the clock brings her closer to her eventual demise – and foreshadows her relationship with her double, Septimus.Just as Big Ben strikes at significant moments in the book, so St Margaret’s languishes: Ah, said St Margaret’s, like a hostess who comes into her drawing-room on the very stroke of the hour and finds her guests there already. I am not late. No, it is precisely half-past eleven, she says. Yet, though she is perfectly right, her voice, being the voice of the hostess, is reluctant to inflict its individuality. Some grief for the past holds it back; some concern for the present.It is half-past eleven, she says, and the sound of St Margaret’s glides into the recesses of the heart and buries itself in ring after ring of sound, like something alive which wants to confide itself, to disperse itself, to be, with a tremor of delight, at rest – like Clarissa herself†¦It is Clarissa herself, he thought, with a deep emotion, and an extraordinarily clear, yet puzzling, recollection of her, as if this bell had come into the room years ago, where they sat at some moment of great intimacy, and had gone from one to the other and had left, like a bee with honey, laden with the moment.The bells of St Margaret’s â⠂¬â€œ the parish church of the House of Commons – symbolise, to Peter Walsh, Clarissa. At Bourton he had condescendingly prophesied that â€Å"she had the makings of the perfect hostess†, and, indeed, Clarissa spends the entire novel preparing for her party. That evening he observes her â€Å"at her worse – effusive, insincere† as she welcomes her guests. The gulf of time has brought out the worst in Peter and he is still bitter about Clarissa’s rejection of him, despising her life with Richard.These feelings are forgotten, however, once St Margaret’s begins to strike, and he is filled with deep emotion for her. The other clock is unidentifiable, a shambolic stranger following on the heels of the eminent Big Ben and elegant St Margaret’s: †¦The clock which always struck two minutes after Big Ben, came shuffling in with its lap full of odds and ends, which it dumped down as if Big Ben were all very well with his majesty laying dow n the law, so solemn, so just†¦.Woolf wrote of  Mrs Dalloway  that â€Å"the mad part tries me so much, makes my mind squirt so badly that I can hardly face spending the next weeks at it†. One way that she deals with this trial is in her treatment of the late clock. It sounds â€Å"volubly, troublously†¦beaten up† reflecting the state of mind of the neurasthenic Septimus who â€Å"talks aloud, answering people, arguing, laughing, crying, getting very excited†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The ‘otherness’ of this clock defines its strangeness, with its perpetual lateness and shuffling eccentricities being used as a metaphor for insanity, and therefore, for Septimus.Just as Clarissa and Septimus never meet neither do Big Ben and the ‘other’ clock – they are out of synch and their relationship is notable only for the difference between them. As Clarissa Dalloway spends the day preparing for her party, so Septimus Warren Smith spends it prepa ring to die. There are allusions to his impending suicide and time of his death throughout the novel, and even his name – which means ‘seventh’ or ‘seventh time’ – implies that the prophetic relationship between the man and his death is controlled by time.This was now revealed to Septimus; the message hidden in the beauty of words. The secret signal which one generation passes, under disguise, to the next†¦Dante the same†¦ In his insanity, Septimus likens himself to Dante who travelled through the three realms of the dead during Holy Week in the spring of 1300. The seventh (Septimus) circle of ‘the violent’ is divided into three rings, the middle ring being for suicides who have been turned into rough and knotted trees on which the harpies build their nests.His affinity with trees throughout the novel suggests that they have become anthropomorphic to Septimus and he looks forward to the time when he will become one himse lf. Cutting one down is, he considers, equivalent to committing murder, an action that will be judged by God. Septimus’s contemplation of suicide is therefore a consideration of timelessness and eternity. He can condone the taking of his own life because he views it as an opportunity to take control of his destiny, to move into a realm of timelessness where there is no death: A sparrow perched on the railing opposite chirped.Septimus, Septimus, four or five times over and went on drawing its notes out, to sing freshly and piercingly in Greek words how there is no crime and, joined by another sparrow, they sang in voices prolonged and piercing in Greek words, from trees in the meadow of life beyond a river where the dead walk, how there is no death. Septimus’s transition from time to timelessness is finally accomplished when, in a moment of insane panic, he plunges out of his window and onto Mrs Filmer’s railings. For Rezia this symbolises a plunge into widowhood and the beginning of a new time of her life.Woolf understood that the most dramatic way of entering a character’s consciousness is through time, as it is intimately connected with the ‘moment of being’ and the way that the character understands it emotionally. Entering Rezia’s consciousness in this way and rendering time in emotional duration rather than clock time intensifies its impact and heightens the response of the reader. In clock time, the span of that moment of being is measurable in hours, minutes and seconds, but when experienced emotionally the past and future become entwined with the present and make up the ‘now’.It seemed to her as she drank the sweet stuff that she was opening long windows, stepping out into some garden. But where? The clock was striking – one, two, three: how sensible the sound was; compared with all this thumping and whispering; like Septimus himself. She was falling asleep. But the clock went on strik ing, four, five, six, and Mrs Filmer waving her apron (they wouldn’t bring the body in here, would they? ) seemed part of that garden; or a flag. She had once seen a flag slowly rippling out from a mast when she stayed with her aunt at Venice. Men killed in battle were thus saluted, and Septimus had been through the War.Of her memories, most were happy. For Rezia, then, time slows right down at the moment of Septimus’s suicide and it has a dream-like quality that mirrors her shock and grief. The sound of the clock striking six fixes her into the present, but her sedated mind wanders through fragmented images of a garden, a flag she had once seen when on holiday, the War. In her response to grief, real time is suspended, yet she is still aware that Septimus is dead, and she worries that his body might be brought into her bedroom. Instead, it is, figuratively, brought to Mrs Dalloway’s party by the Bradshaws.Clarissa’s response to the news is to imagine how it felt, that moment of being that was Septimus’s death: Always her body went through it, when she was told, first suddenly, of an accident; her dress flamed, her body burnt. He had thrown himself from a window. Up had flashed the ground; through him, blundering, bruising, went the rusty spikes. There he lay with a thud, thud, thud, in his brain, and then a suffocation of blackness. So she saw it. Just as Septimus had imagined himself as Dante travelling through hell, so too does Clarissa have apocalyptic imaginings which are stirred by the news.Her dress flames and her body burns as, in her imagination, she journeys into the eternal flames. The thud that she imagines in Septimus’s brain mirrors the ticking of a clock and measures out his last moments on earth. The image has a profound psychological affect on Clarissa who suddenly recognizes that she is like him – that he is her double. Her moment of epiphany enables her to both appreciate her life and lose the fear of death that has impeded her for so long. As Big Ben strikes for the last time in the book, the identification between Clarissa and Septimus is complete: She felt somehow very like him – the young man who killed himself.She felt glad that he had done it; thrown it away while they went on living. The clock was striking. The leaden circles dissolved in the air. Mrs Dalloway  is an exploration of the human condition through the medium of time. Using a fragmented discourse that reflects the changing society that was post World War 1 Britain, Virginia Woolf involves the past with the present and suggests that time exists in different forms. In the external world it is ordered chronologically and she uses it to portray a vivid impression of London society life in the 1920s.Its passing is marked by the great clocks of Westminster and the leaden circles of Big Ben are a constant reminder to Clarissa of the pulse of life itself. Kinetic time and clock time are therefore inext ricably linked. Perhaps more importantly, however, is the suggestion that time also exists in the internal world as a ‘moment of being’, which Woolf develops through the medium of interior monologue. The principle characters – Clarissa, Peter, Septimus and Rezia – are defined by their response to time, and, as the novel draws to a close, there is an awareness of the past and present converging.This creates an impression in the reader that they are reading a news report or a ‘fly on the wall’ documentary. Conclusion To sum up. Woolf suggests that  time  exists  in  different forms. It exists  in  the  external world, but also—and perhaps more importantly—in  our  internal world. Her description of  the  loud and rushing civilization suggests that we push ahead  in  the  name  of  progress, without fully appreciating  the  moment. Through  the  character  of  Clarissa, Woolf challenges  the  usual definition  of  success.Perhaps we need not leave some magnificent gift behind  in  the  form  of  a building or a concrete art piece. Instead, maybe it is  how  we live our lives and our appreciation for  the  present that are truly more powerful and eternal. The  small gifts we  offer others, like bringing people together through a party, can touch people differently than a monument. Virginia Woolf’s message about  time  should be heeded. Our rush to leave a dramatic mark  in  the  world leads to further destruction. Tension abounds  in  our modern world as we create technology to  increase our efficiency.Our civilization tends to see scientific and monumental achievements as  the  most valid measures  of  an  individual’s success. However,  in  the  process, our communities disintegrate. More and more people complain  of  feeling alienated. The  evidence surrounds us. The  internal  ti me  that allows us to slow down and be  involved with people finds itself dominated by external societal  time. Some might find Clarissa  Dalloway’s gift to  the  world to be trivial. However, we need  individuals with  the  ability to pull people together—people with  the ability to create community where it no longer exists.

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